| Solar panel | Photovoltaic module are devices that convert sunlight into electricity using PV cells. They serve as an environmentally friendly and alternative energy source, reducing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar collector is a apparatus that collects sunlight to generate heat, typically used for water heating or room heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses sun rays to generate warmth, which can be used for water heating systems, space warming, or electricity generation. It is a renewable and renewable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic country in the UK known for its abundant cultural traditions, notable attractions, and bustling urban areas like London. It boasts a varied landscape of rolling hills, historic forts, and lively city hubs that combine history with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the natural light emitted by the star, essential for living organisms on Earth as it supplies power for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a form of power due to the flow of ions, primarily electrons. It powers countless systems and infrastructures, facilitating today’s lifestyle and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a sustainable energy source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a opposite electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the unidirectional stream of electric charge, generally produced by cell packs, power supplies, and solar cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, rendering it crucial for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A cell is a instrument that stores chemical energy and changes it into current to run various electronic gadgets. It consists of one or more galvanic units, each housing positive and negative electrodes interposed by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A photovoltaic system converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels made of solar cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy option that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and promotes sustainable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a instrument that changes DC created by solar panels into alternating current (AC) appropriate for domestic use and utility connection. It is essential for optimizing energy use and guaranteeing secure, dependable electricity delivery from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that changes direction regularly, usually used in home and business power supplies. It allows for efficient transmission of electricity over long distances and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that controls the voltage and electric current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from overcharging and harm. It provides optimal energy flow and extends the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a instrument used to measure the dimension, amount, or level of something accurately. It includes instruments like rulers, climate gauges, and barometers that provide precise readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a mechanism that automatically the orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement during the day, increasing energy absorption. This system boosts the efficiency of solar power systems by ensuring optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are huge facilities that utilize sunlight to produce electricity using numerous solar panels. They offer a sustainable and eco-friendly energy resource, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves setting up photovoltaic solar panels on roofs of buildings to produce electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps minimize reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-connected solar energy setup converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar satellite is an artificial satellite equipped with solar arrays that collect sunlight and generate power. This energy is then transmitted wirelessly to the planet's surface for application as an eco-friendly power supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions retain excess electricity generated from renewable sources or the grid for future use, enhancing energy self-sufficiency and efficiency. These installations generally use batteries to deliver backup energy, reduce energy costs, and aid grid stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar cells documents the development and improvements in solar power technology from the initial discovery of the photovoltaic effect to modern advanced solar arrays. It showcases significant breakthroughs, including the invention of the original silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and continuous innovations that have greatly enhanced energy transformation and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French physicist noted for his pioneering work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and luminescence. His tests laid the groundwork for comprehending how radiation interacts with particular media to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrician and researcher known for discovering the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His research formed the basis for the creation of the photo-sensitive device and advancements in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an free framework used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and web browsers, making it a flexible tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of luminescence reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an United States innovator who created the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His groundbreaking work laid the groundwork for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-fired power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce steam that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductors. His work laid the foundation for modern solar energy technology and the creation of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a famous R&D entity traditionally associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in communications, computing, and materials science. It has been the source of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and 14, widely known for its key role in the manufacturing of electronics and solar modules. It is a solid, breakable solid material with a steel-gray shine, mainly utilized as a semiconductor in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a compact component installed on each solar module to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This approach enhances system efficiency, enables enhanced performance monitoring, and improves energy production in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a component that converts sunlight directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect. It is often used in solar arrays to supply a green and sustainable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that offers renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon serves as a basic particle that represents a quantum of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum and energy without containing rest mass. It has a important role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, enabling phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the phenomenon by which certain materials transform sunlight straight into electricity through the generation of charge carriers. This effect is the fundamental concept behind photovoltaic technology, allowing the capturing of solar solar power for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electronics is a slim slice of chip material, usually silicon, used as the foundation for creating integrated circuits. It serves as the foundational platform where integrated circuits are built through methods like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic systems due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its structured, systematic crystal lattice enables optimal electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their lightweight, pliable configuration, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a lower cost. They use strata of semiconductor substances only a few micrometers thick to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the weight of building components and stationary equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as occupants, furnishings, and environmental factors. Both are important considerations in building planning to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components in a line, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components across the identical voltage source, allowing several paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's total resistance, current allocation, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification refers to the speed at which electricity is conveyed by an electrical circuit, primarily for running devices and appliances. Produced through various sources such as carbon-based fuels, atomic energy, and sustainable sources, and is essential for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a standard of power in the SI system, representing the rate of energy flow or conversion. It is equivalent to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic pressure difference between two points, which drives the flow of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in V and indicates the energy per single charge available to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the derived unit of electric potential, voltage difference, and voltage in the International System of Units. It measures the potential energy per coulomb between points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the passage of electric charge through a conductor, typically measured in amps. It is necessary for powering electronic devices and allowing the working of electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere is the unit of electric current in the International System of Units, represented by A. It measures the movement of electric charge through a wire over a duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the amount of electrical power or current demanded by equipment and Electrical load in a circuit. It affects the configuration and power of power systems to guarantee secure and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical casing used to safely house wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a reliable and trustworthy manner. It features a clip-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a easy and consistent method of providing electrical energy to devices through standard ports. It is frequently used for powering and supplying a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a device that changes DC from inputs like cells or solar arrays into AC suitable for household appliances. It permits the use of standard electrical devices in environments where only DC power is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack functions as an collection of several individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically adjust the position of solar panels to track the sun’s path throughout the daytime, maximizing power intake. This technology boosts the performance of solar energy collection by keeping ideal solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to optimize the power generation of solar energy systems by regularly modifying the operating point to correspond to the maximum power point of the solar panels. This procedure provides the highest efficiency power harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by individually tailored improving the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A photovoltaic performance monitor is a instrument that monitors and evaluates the efficiency of solar power systems in instantaneous, delivering useful data on power output and system condition. It assists optimize solar power generation by spotting issues early and guaranteeing optimal efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are flexible, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the solar energy conversion process, making them a renewable energy source. They are typically used in solar panels to supply energy to homes, electronic gadgets, and full solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of numerous minute silicon lattice structures, frequently used in photovoltaic panels and semiconductor manufacturing. Its manufacturing process involves liquefying and reforming silicon to generate a high-purity, polycrystalline type fit for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a high-purity type of silicon with a continuous lattice structure, making it very effective for use in solar panels and electronics. Its consistent framework allows for better electron transfer, resulting in better performance compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics represent a type of thin film solar system that provides a economical and effective option for large-scale solar energy generation. They are known as their excellent absorption efficiency and relatively low manufacturing fees in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are thin-film photovoltaic cells that employ a multi-layered compound of Cu, indium, Ga, and Se to convert sunlight into electricity effectively. They are recognized for their high light capturing performance, flexibility, and possibility for lightweight, cost-effective solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a non-ordered molecular structure, making it more flexible and simpler to apply than crystalline silicon. It is commonly used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic systems due to its economic advantage and versatile properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic cells aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and pioneering techniques such as stacked stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on enhancing energy conversion, cutting costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar panels are cutting-edge photovoltaic devices that utilize several p-n connections stacked in tandem to capture a broader spectrum of the solar spectrum, substantially boosting their efficiency. These are mostly applied in space applications and advanced solar power systems due to their excellent energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar arrays are vital components that convert sunlight into electricity to power onboard equipment. Usually lightweight, durable, and built for efficient operation in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metal and a non-metallic element, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer enhanced performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-frequency transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound-based semiconductor famous for its high electron mobility and effectiveness in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is often used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics employ lenses or reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto very efficient multi-band solar cells, substantially improving energy conversion efficiency. This technology is ideal for large capacity solar power plants in regions with sunny sunlight, providing a economical approach for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Thin-film silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and bendable form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a thin film of CIGS compound as the solar semiconductor, known for excellent energy conversion and bendability. They offer a portable, economical alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with excellent performance in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a delicate layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in multiple technological uses. These coatings are vital in electronic systems, light manipulation, and films for their unique physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a eco-friendly and economical energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to eco-preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A coating is a layer of material spanning tiny nanometric scales to a few microns in dimension, often placed on surfaces for functional purposes. These coatings are used in diverse fields, including electronic devices, optical technologies, and medicine, to modify surface characteristics or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are measurement equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to describe very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are crucial in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are precision gauges used to accurately measure tiny gaps or depths, typically in mechanical engineering and production. They feature a calibrated screw device that allows for precise readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon wafer is a thin, ring-shaped section of silicon crystal used as the platform for fabricating semiconductor devices. It acts as the primary material in the creation of ICs and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are thin-film solar modules recognized for their excellent performance and flexibility, making them suitable for various uses. They utilize a stratified semiconductor architecture that transforms sunlight directly into electrical energy with remarkable performance in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon is a type of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its multiple crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is noted for being affordable and having a relatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert solar energy directly into energy using solar panels, offering a sustainable energy source for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. They provide a environmentally friendly, long-lasting, and cost-effective way to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources and lower CO2 emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that converts sunlight into electrical energy using a photosensitive dye to absorb light and create electron flow. It offers a affordable and versatile alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with potential for clear and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This approach offers the potential for cost-effective, flexible, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are solar cells that utilize carbon-based compounds, to turn sunlight into electric power. They are easy to handle, flexible, and offer the potential for more affordable, broad solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a promising semiconductor compound used in layer solar modules due to its abundant and harmless elements. Its excellent optical-electronic properties make it an appealing alternative for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of architectural elements, such as roof surfaces, building exteriors, and glazing. This modern approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining design elegance and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to pass through a material bearing minimal distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency allows light to scatter through, obscuring detailed visibility but still allowing shapes and light to penetrate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves placing a light film to the interior or exterior of automobiles or edifices windows to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It improves privacy, increases energy efficiency, and gives a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of solar power stations details various large-scale solar energy plants around the planet, showcasing their power and sites. These facilities function a crucial role in renewable energy production and worldwide efforts to cut carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are extensive installations that convert sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. They are essential in renewable energy generation, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Eco concerns encompass a wide range of issues such as contamination, global warming, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote sustainable practices and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from eco-friendly origins that are constantly replenished, such as the sun, wind, and hydropower. It offers a eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuels, reducing environmental impact and enhancing sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as bituminous coal, crude oil, and methane, are non-replenishable supplies formed over extensive periods and are exhausted when used. They are the main power sources for power production and vehicle operation but pose ecological and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various power sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable resources into electrical energy. This process typically occurs in power stations where turbines and generators work together to produce electricity for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, poisonous elements such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance measures how effectively a solar cell transforms sunlight into convertible energy. Enhancing this Solar-cell efficiency is crucial for maximizing renewable energy production and cutting reliance on coal and oil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when radiation shining on a metal ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This occurrence provided key evidence for the development of quantum theory by showing that photon energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Rapid life testing involves subjecting products to increased stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and predict their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of photovoltaics has quickened rapidly over the past ten years, driven by innovations and reducing prices. This development is transforming the world energy sector by increasing the percentage of clean solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power facilities intended to generate electricity on a business scale, providing power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover vast areas and utilize solar panels or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a clear component that bending light to converge or diverge rays, creating images. It is frequently used in equipment like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the measure between an incoming light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the point of contact. It controls how light interacts with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a thin layer applied to vision surfaces to cut down on glare and enhance light passage. It enhances the clarity and brightness of optical devices by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a pair of waves meet in a manner that their amplitudes counteract each other, resulting in a decrease or total eradication of the combined wave. This event typically happens when these waves are phase-shifted by 180 degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current is an electric current that changes polarity, typically used in electrical distribution networks. Its voltage varies sinusoidally over time, enabling effective conveyance across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A individual inverter is a miniature entity used to change DC from a single solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for home applications. It improves system efficiency by enhancing power output at the module level and streamlines setup and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or AC power, is electrical energy delivered through a network where the voltage and electric flow regularly reverse orientation, enabling efficient transmission over long distances. It is frequently used in households and commercial sectors to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC plug is a kind of electrical connector used to deliver DC energy from a power supply to an device. It usually consists of a cylindrical plug and jack that guarantee a reliable and consistent connection for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | UL is a international security certification body that assesses and certifies products to guarantee they comply with particular protection norms. It supports consumers and firms identify trustworthy and secure products through rigorous assessment and testing methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electronic circuits in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current flow. In this arrangement, the identical current passes through all elements, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electronic circuits where components are connected between the same voltage source, giving multiple paths for current flow. This configuration allows devices to operate separately, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode acts as a semiconductor device that permits current to move in a single sense only, functioning as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electrical networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12-volt, created to deliver electrical energy for different devices and accessories inside a vehicle. It allows users to charge electronic gadgets or use small devices when on the go. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for linking hardware to computers, facilitating data transmission and power supply. It supports a broad spectrum of devices such as keyboards, mouses, external storage devices, and smartphones, with various generations offering increased speeds and improved functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell turns into usable energy. Improving this efficiency is crucial for maximizing energy generation and making solar power economical and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to R&D in green energy and energy efficiency technologies. It focuses on breakthroughs in solar, wind power, biomass energy, and other sustainable energy sources to enable a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic waves, ranging from radio waves to gamma rays, featuring different lengths and power. This range is crucial to a wide array of devices and natural phenomena, enabling signal transmission, diagnostic imaging, and insight into the outer space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a type of EM radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X ray radiation, primarily emitted by the sun. It has a crucial role in including vitamin D production but can also result in skin harm and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with extended wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color scheme based on variations of a single hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and unity. This layout approach emphasizes clarity and grace by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, usually measured in watts/m². It is a key parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, indicating the intensity of sunlight hitting a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a unit of measurement used to measure the strength of radiation or power received or emitted over a particular area, often in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It assists with comprehending the spread and movement of radiation across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of different colors or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or otherwise. It is often used to depict the distribution of light or signal bandwidths in various scientific and technological areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large volume of air with relatively consistent temperature and humidity properties, coming from from certain source regions. These air masses affect weather patterns and air states as they travel over various zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar power is the quantification of the energy per square kilometer received from the solar source in the manner of electromagnetic radiation. It changes with solar activity and Earth's atmospheric conditions, affecting climate and local weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in photovoltaic systems refers to the buildup of dirt, and other particles on the panels of solar arrays, which reduces their efficiency. Consistent upkeep and servicing are necessary to limit energy waste and maintain best performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage represents the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when there is no current, spanning its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the highest electrical current that passes through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, takes place, bypassing the normal load. It presents a major safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a indicator of the peak power output of a solar module under ideal sunlight conditions. It reflects the module's peak ability to generate electricity in typical testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an measuring tool used to measure the electrical potential between two locations in a electrical system. It is commonly used in numerous electrical and electronic setups to verify proper voltage levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a phenomenon in solar modules where increased voltage stress causes a notable reduction in power output and efficiency. It occurs due to leakage current and ion migration within the photovoltaic materials, leading to performance deterioration over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a semi metallic element necessary for plant development and employed in different industrial applications, such as glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It possesses special chemical traits that make it useful in manufacturing long-lasting, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring optimal tilt and alignment for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a solid and long-lasting foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant captures sunlight using vast collections of photovoltaic solar panels to produce renewable electricity. It provides an green energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the combined practice of employing land for both solar energy output and agriculture, optimizing space and resources. This approach boosts crop production while simultaneously creating renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are solar panels able to absorb sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, enhancing overall energy production. They are typically mounted in a way that improves effectiveness by leveraging albedo effect and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a installation that provides cover while creating electricity through built-in solar panels. It is often installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a assembly of several solar panels configured to generate electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in sustainable power systems to produce renewable, eco-friendly power for different applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a framework that delivers shade and shelter from the weather for outdoor living spaces. It improves the functionality and aesthetic appeal of a courtyard, making it a pleasant zone for relaxation and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of bodies in the sky relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise a reference heading, usually true north, to the line connecting an viewer to a target object. It is frequently used in navigation, surveying, and astrophysics to specify the direction of an object in relation to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as fall hazards and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential muscle strains pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a semiconductor substance commonly employed in thin film solar panels due to its excellent performance and cost efficiency. It demonstrates superb optical characteristics, making it a preferred option for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A list of photovoltaics companies features the major manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are key in promoting solar energy implementation and advancement across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a unit of power equal to 1,000,000,000 watt, used to assess massive power generation output and usage. It is generally associated with electricity stations, electricity networks, and significant power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a worldwide leader in photovoltaic (PV) power solutions, focused on making thin-film solar panels that deliver high-performance and low-cost power generation. The organization is dedicated to eco-friendly energy development and reducing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through advanced solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in smoothly connecting various parts of manufacturing and automation systems to improve efficiency and trustworthiness. It aims on developing innovative solutions that enable efficient communication and compatibility among diverse tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an top Chinese company specializing in producing and developing photovoltaic photovoltaic goods and services. Famous for state-of-the-art tech and green energy projects within the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to one billion W, often employed to represent the capacity of large-scale electricity generation or usage. It highlights the huge power scale involved in contemporary power infrastructure and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Knowledge curve effects refer to the concept where the cost per unit of production drops as overall production rises, due to gaining knowledge and optimization obtained over time. This concept highlights the significance of accumulated experience in lowering costs and improving productivity in production and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaic systems turn sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor elements, primarily silicon. This system is a clean, renewable energy source that assists reduce reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of generating solar or wind energy becomes equivalent to or lower than the cost of buying power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity indicates that sustainable energy technologies are cost-effectively competitive with traditional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the standard electrical power supplied to residences and businesses through a network of power lines, offering a dependable source of energy for different appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the country, and is delivered through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all parts of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is vital for securing the effective and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is absorbed from the solar radiation using solar cells to convert electricity or through solar thermal systems to generate heat. It represents a green, renewable, and planet-friendly source of power that limits the use of fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in residential, corporate, and manufacturing settings to produce green, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, delivering green energy solutions where standard power grids are unavailable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of solar energy items features a variety of tools that harness sunlight to generate energy, encouraging environmentally friendly and eco-conscious living. These items include covering solar chargers and lights to home equipment and outdoor gear, delivering flexible options for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar power plant is a facility that transforms sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a sustainable energy source that supports lowering reliance on non-renewable energy and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV utilize lenses and mirrors focusing solar radiation onto high-performance photovoltaic cells, greatly increasing energy capture using a smaller area. This approach works well where direct, strong sunlight and offers a viable solution to lowering expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
