| Solar panel | Photovoltaic module act as instruments that transform sunlight to electricity using PV cells. They are an green and sustainable energy source, minimizing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar heat collector is a system that captures sunlight to convert heat, usually used for hot water production or space heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses sunlight to generate thermal energy, which can be used for hot water production, space heating, or electricity generation. It is a renewable and sustainable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the United Kingdom known for its abundant cultural legacy, iconic landmarks, and bustling cities like the capital. It boasts a diverse scenery of gentle slopes, ancient castles, and lively city hubs that blend heritage with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the organic radiance emitted by the sun, essential for existence on Earth as it offers power for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and increasing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a form of power generated by the movement of charged particles, primarily negatively charged particles. It powers innumerable systems and infrastructures, enabling today’s lifestyle and technological progress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a sustainable power source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a reversed electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the single-direction movement of electric charge, typically produced by cell packs, electrical sources, and solar panels. It provides a constant voltage or current, making it crucial for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a device that holds chemical energy and changes it into current to run various electronic gadgets. It includes multiple electrochemical units, each comprising electrode pairs interposed by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts solar radiation immediately into power using photovoltaic panels made of semiconductor cells. It is an green energy option that minimizes reliance on non-renewable energy sources and supports sustainable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A photovoltaic inverter is a instrument that changes direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) appropriate for domestic use and grid connection. It is vital for maximizing energy efficiency and ensuring safe, consistent electricity delivery from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that changes direction periodically, generally used in domestic and commercial power supplies. It enables efficient transmission of electricity over long distances and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that controls the voltage level and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from overcharging and harm. It guarantees efficient energy transfer and extends the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a instrument used to determine the extent, quantity, or intensity of something accurately. It includes instruments like rulers, thermometers, and barometers that provide precise readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a system that instantaneously the orientation of solar panels to track the sun's movement during the day, enhancing energy absorption. This innovation boosts the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are large-scale facilities that capture sunlight to produce electricity using numerous solar panels. They supply a renewable and renewable energy resource, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves setting up photovoltaic panels on building roofs to create electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps minimize reliance on non-renewable fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-tied solar power system converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, CH4, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like burning fossil fuels and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar energy satellite is an orbiting platform equipped with photovoltaic panels that collect sunlight and convert it into electricity. This electricity is then beamed to our planet for application as an eco-friendly power supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions save excess power generated from renewable sources or the grid for subsequent consumption, boosting energy independence and efficiency. These systems typically utilize batteries to deliver backup energy, reduce energy costs, and aid grid stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The timeline of solar panels tracks the development and innovations in solar power technology from the initial invention of the solar effect to contemporary high-efficiency solar arrays. It highlights key innovations, including the invention of the first silicon solar cell in 1954 and persistent advances that have substantially boosted power transformation and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of the photoelectric effect and luminescent phenomena. His research laid the foundation for understanding how radiation interacts with particular media to generate electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a British electrical engineer and scientist known for discovering the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His research formed the basis for the development of the photo-sensitive device and progress in early photographic and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an free framework used for automating web browsers, enabling testers to mimic user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and web browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of light reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an US inventor who invented the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work set the foundation for the current photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-burning power plant generates electricity by combusting coal to produce steam that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with discovering the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductors. His work formed the basis of modern photovoltaic technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a prestigious R&D entity long-standing associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in telecommunications, computer science, and materials science. It has been the origin of many groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, famous for its essential role in the production of electronics and solar panels. It is a hard, fragile crystal solid with a bluish-gray sheen, primarily used as a semi-conductor in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a small unit installed on each solar panel to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This approach increases system performance, enables enhanced performance oversight, and boosts energy yield in photovoltaic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar panel is a unit that converts sunlight directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect. It is commonly used in solar panels to supply a green and renewable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts over sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a renewable energy technology that delivers sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon is a basic particle which represents a quantum of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum without containing rest mass. It plays a crucial role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the mechanism by which specific substances turn sunlight straight into electricity through the generation of charge carriers. This event is the core concept behind photovoltaic technology, enabling the harnessing of solar energy for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electronics is a slim slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the foundation for manufacturing integrated circuits. It functions as the main platform where microprocessors are built through methods like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic components due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its structured, orderly crystal lattice enables optimal electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology characterized by their light, bendable structure, and capacity for large-area manufacturing at a reduced expense. They use strata of semiconductor substances only a few micrometers thick to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the weight of building components and fixed equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as people, furnishings, and external influences. Both are essential considerations in engineering design to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components in a line, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits join components between the identical voltage source, allowing various paths for current. These arrangements influence the circuit's overall resistance, current spread, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy refers to the rate at which electric power is conveyed by an electrical circuit, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. Created through multiple sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear, and green energy, and crucial for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a measure of power in the SI system, representing the measure of energy movement or conversion. It is equivalent to one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical pressure difference between two points, which drives the flow of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and represents the work per unit charge ready to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the standard unit of electrical potential, voltage difference, and electromotive force in the metric system. It measures the electric energy per charge unit between points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the passage of electric charge through a metal wire, typically measured in amperes. It is essential for supplying electronic gadgets and facilitating the functioning of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp represents the measure of electric flow in the International System of Units, represented by A. It measures the flow of electric charge through a conductor over a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by devices and Electrical load in a circuit. It affects the design and capacity of power systems to ensure secure and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical casing used to safely house wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to connect solar panels in a reliable and dependable manner. It features a clip-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a simple and consistent method of delivering electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is often used for recharging and supplying a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a instrument that converts DC from sources like cells or photovoltaic arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for household appliances. It permits the use of common electrical appliances in locations where only direct current electricity is available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack is a collection of multiple individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically align the orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun movement throughout the 24 hours, optimizing energy absorption. This innovation increases the efficiency of photovoltaic energy harvesting by maintaining best solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to optimize the power generation of solar panel setups by continuously adjusting the operating point to match the optimal power point of the solar panels. This methodology provides the most efficient power harvesting, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by individually tailored improving the performance of each solar panel. It improves overall system efficiency by reducing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a tool that monitors and evaluates the effectiveness of photovoltaic panel systems in instantaneous, delivering valuable data on energy production and system condition. It assists maximize solar power output by detecting problems promptly and securing optimal output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are flexible, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Solar cells convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a renewable energy source. They are typically used in solar panels to generate electricity for homes, electronic gadgets, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of countless minute silicon lattice structures, commonly used in solar modules and microchip production. Its creation involves melting and reforming silicon to form a pure, polycrystalline type fit for microelectronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a ultra-pure type of silicon with a uniform crystal arrangement, making it extremely capable for use in solar panels and electronic components. Its homogeneous formation allows for better electron transfer, resulting in higher performance compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics represent a category of thin-film solar system that offers a affordable and effective alternative for massive solar energy harvesting. They are their high absorption performance and moderately affordable manufacturing fees compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are flexible photovoltaic devices that use a layered compound of Cu, indium, Ga, and selenium to convert sunlight into power efficiently. They are known for their excellent absorption performance, bendability, and possibility for portable, affordable solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a amorphous atomic configuration, making it more flexible and easier to deposit than ordered silicon. It is frequently used in photovoltaic thin films and electronic components due to its economic advantage and versatile characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic cells aim to outperform traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and pioneering techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, cutting costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-junction solar panels are innovative photovoltaic modules that utilize several p-n connections layered in tandem to absorb a more extensive spectrum of the solar spectrum, substantially enhancing their efficiency. These are mainly used in space missions and high-efficiency solar power installations due to their outstanding energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft are vital components that convert solar radiation into electric power to supply onboard instrumentation. Usually lightweight, robust, and crafted to function effectively in the extreme space conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metallic component, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound semiconductor famous for its excellent electron mobility and efficiency in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics employ optics or mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-layer solar cells, greatly enhancing energy conversion efficiency. This approach is suitable for massive solar power plants in zones with clear sunlight, providing a economical solution for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Thin-film silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and pliant form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of CuInGaSe2 as the light-absorbing layer, known for high efficiency and flexibility. They offer a lightweight, budget-friendly alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with great output in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film refers to a slender layer of material, often measured in nm or μm, used in various technological applications. These layers are vital in electronic devices, light manipulation, and coverings for their special physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Roof-mounted solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a renewable and economical energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to environmental conservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A coating is a sheet of compound ranging from tiny nanometric scales to several micrometers in depth, often coated on surfaces for functional applications. These layers are used in diverse fields, including electronics, optics, and medical applications, to change surface traits or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometric units are units of measurement equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, often utilized to describe extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are accurate measuring instruments used to accurately measure tiny gaps or depths, typically in mechanical engineering and fabrication. They feature a calibrated screw system that allows for precise readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon substrate is a narrow, circular slice of silicon crystal used as the platform for constructing semiconductor devices. It functions as the basic material in the manufacture of ICs and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are flexible solar modules known for their superior output and flexibility, ideal for multiple fields. They employ a stratified semiconductor structure that transforms sunlight straight into electrical energy with excellent efficiency in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a type of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is noted for being economical and having a relatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sun rays directly into power using solar panels, supplying a sustainable energy source for home, commercial, and large-scale applications. They deliver a clean, renewable, and affordable way to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources and decrease carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that transforms sunlight into electrical energy using a light-reactive dye to take in light and produce electron flow. It offers a affordable and adaptable alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for clear and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This technology offers the potential for lower-cost, adaptable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are solar cells that employ carbon-based molecules, to convert sunlight into electricity. They are easy to handle, flexible, and provide cost-effective, extensive solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Cu) Zinc Tin Sulfide is a potential semiconductor compound used in thin-film solar cells due to its plentiful and harmless elements. Its superior optoelectronic properties make it an attractive substitute for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of architectural elements, such as roof surfaces, outer walls, and glazing. This innovative approach enhances power savings while maintaining aesthetic appeal and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to penetrate a material bearing minimal distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency allows light to spread through, obscuring detailed visibility but yet still permitting shapes and light to penetrate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window tinting involves the process of applying a light film to the interior or exterior of vehicle or building glazing to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It improves privacy, improves energy efficiency, and gives a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A list of solar power stations information various large-scale solar energy facilities around the planet, demonstrating their capacities and sites. These facilities serve a crucial role in renewable energy generation and international efforts to lower carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are large-scale systems that convert sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels. They are essential in clean energy production, cutting dependence on non-renewable energy sources, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of problems such as waste, climate change, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires joint initiatives to promote green approaches and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are renewably sourced, such as the sun, air currents, and water. It offers a sustainable option to traditional fuels, reducing ecological footprint and supporting sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as lignite, petroleum, and methane, are finite resources formed over extensive periods and are exhausted when used. They are the chief energy sources for electrical energy and mobility but pose environmental and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various energy types such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable resources into electricity. This process usually takes place in power stations where turbines and generators work together to produce electric current for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, toxic elements such as plumbum, mercury, cadmium, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance assesses how well a photovoltaic device converts sunlight into usable energy. Boosting this Solar-cell efficiency is crucial for optimizing renewable energy generation and decreasing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when radiation shining on a metal surface ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This phenomenon provided key evidence for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that photon energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves subjecting products to higher-than-normal stresses to speedily determine their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of solar energy systems has quickened rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by technological progress and reducing prices. This expansion is changing the international energy scene by increasing the share of sustainable solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power facilities designed to generate electricity on a business scale, providing power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover large areas and utilize PV modules or solar heating systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a clear component that bending light to bring together or separate rays, creating images. It is commonly used in instruments like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an approaching light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the point of contact. It determines how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a delicate film applied to lens surfaces to reduce glare and improve light transmission. It enhances the clarity and brightness of optical devices by reducing undesirable reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that that their wave heights negate each other, leading to a reduction or total eradication of the combined wave. This occurrence generally happens when the waves are out of phase by 180 degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current refers to a type of electrical flow that periodically reverses, commonly employed in power supply systems. Its voltage varies in a sinusoidal pattern over time, permitting cost-effective transfer over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A compact inverter is a miniature entity used to transform direct current (DC) from a single solar module into alternating current (AC) suitable for home applications. It boosts system performance by enhancing energy production at the module level and streamlines installation and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or AC electrical energy, is electrical power delivered through a setup where the voltage and current regularly reverse polarity, enabling optimized transmission over vast spans. It is frequently used in homes and industries to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC plug is a category of electrical connector used to provide DC power from a power source to an device. It usually consists of a tube-shaped plug and receptacle that guarantee a reliable and dependable attachment for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | UL is a global security certification agency that tests and endorses products to ensure they meet particular safety norms. It supports consumers and firms identify trustworthy and secure products through rigorous evaluation and testing methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series circuits are electrical circuits in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current flow. In this configuration, the identical current passes through all elements, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electrical circuits where components are connected across the same voltage source, giving multiple paths for current flow. This configuration allows units to operate independently, with the total current distributed among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode acts as a semiconductor device that allows current to pass in one way exclusively, functioning as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12 volt, designed to deliver electrical power for various devices and attachments inside of a automobile. It permits users to charge electronic devices or operate small devices during on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for linking devices to PCs, enabling data transmission and power delivery. It supports a wide range of hardware such as keypads, mouses, external storage, and cell phones, with multiple generations delivering faster speeds and enhanced performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency relates to the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into generated energy. Enhancing this efficiency is essential to optimizing energy output and making solar power affordable and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It is committed to advancing innovations in solar, wind power, biomass energy, and other sustainable energy sources to support a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses all types of EM radiation, extending from radio waves to high-energy photons, each with different wavelengths and power. This range is essential for many technologies and natural phenomena, allowing communication, healthcare imaging, and comprehension of the outer space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a type of EM radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X ray radiation, primarily emitted by the sun. It plays a key role in processes like vitamin D production but can also cause skin harm and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color design based on alterations of a sole hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and accord. This design approach emphasizes simplicity and elegance by maintaining steady color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the intensity of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, generally measured in watts per sq meter. It is a key parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the strength of sunlight hitting a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a measurement unit used to measure the magnitude of power or energy flow received or emitted over a particular area, commonly in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It assists with grasping the dispersion and movement of radiation across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of various colors or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or alternatively. It is often used to depict the distribution of light or signal frequencies in multiple scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a substantial mass of air's with comparatively consistent thermal and humidity characteristics, coming from from specific source zones. These airmass affect weather systems and atmospheric states as they travel over various zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar power is the quantification of the energy per square kilometer received from the solar source in the manner of solar rays. It varies with solar activity and Earth's atmospheric conditions, impacting climate and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar power refers to the buildup of dirt, and other particles on the exterior of photovoltaic modules, which decreases their efficiency. Routine maintenance and maintenance are essential to limit energy decrease and ensure best efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when there is no current, taken across its terminals. It shows the potential difference of a device when it has been disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the maximum electrical current that flows through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, happens, bypassing the normal load. It presents a significant safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a measure of the maximum power generation of a solar array under perfect sunlight conditions. It indicates the array's peak potential to create electricity in conventional testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an measuring tool used to check the voltage between two points in a circuit. It is frequently utilized in various electrical and electronic applications to verify proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in PV modules where high voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in power generation and efficiency. It occurs due to leakage current and ion migration within the solar cell materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a semi metallic chemical element crucial for plant growth and used in multiple industrial applications, like glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It possesses unique chemical properties that make it useful in producing robust, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring optimal tilt and alignment for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a robust and durable foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant collects sunlight using large arrays of photovoltaic panels to create renewable electricity. It supplies an eco-friendly energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated approach of employing land for both solar energy generation and farming, maximizing space and resources. This strategy improves crop production while simultaneously creating renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are solar panels able to absorb sunlight on both sides, improving overall energy generation. They are usually installed in a way that allows for increased efficiency by leveraging albedo reflection and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a installation that provides shade while producing electricity through embedded solar panels. It is often installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel setup is a assembly of multiple solar panels configured to create electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in sustainable power systems to generate clean, eco-friendly power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a construction that delivers shade and cover from the conditions for exterior areas. It boosts the practicality and visual charm of a patio, making it a cozy area for leisure and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the measurement between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a astronomical body. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to represent the position of bodies in the heavens relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The compass bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise a reference heading, usually true north, to the line between an viewer to a target object. It is often used in navigation, mapping, and astronomy to indicate the bearing of an celestial body in relation to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential muscle strains pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a semiconductor material commonly employed in thin film solar cells due to its high efficiency and affordability. It exhibits superb optical properties, making it a popular choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An catalog of photovoltaics companies highlights the top manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are key in driving solar energy adoption and innovation across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a measure of energy output equal to one billion watts, used to assess big energy production and consumption. It is generally associated with electricity stations, national grids, and major energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a international leader in solar PV energy solutions, specializing in making thin film-based solar cells that deliver high-performance and affordable power output. The organization is committed to green energy development and decreasing the world dependency on fossil fuels through advanced solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in effortlessly integrating various parts of factory and automated systems to boost performance and dependability. It aims on building advanced solutions that enable efficient communication and interoperability among various tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a prominent Chinese company specializing in manufacturing and innovating solar-powered photovoltaic goods and services. Renowned for its advanced technology and green energy projects within the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to 1,000,000,000 W, often used to indicate the potential of massively scaled electricity generation or consumption. It underscores the huge power magnitude involved in contemporary energy infrastructure and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the concept where the unit cost drops as total output increases, due to learning curve and optimization achieved over time. This phenomenon highlights the value of accumulated experience in lowering costs and boosting output in manufacturing and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaic systems turn sunlight immediately into electricity through semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This system is a pure, sustainable energy source that assists reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of creating solar or wind energy becomes equivalent to or lower than the expense of buying power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity indicates that renewable energy sources are economically competitive with conventional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the primary electrical power supplied to residences and enterprises through a system of power lines, offering a reliable source of energy for numerous appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the region, and is delivered through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) includes all components of a solar power system except the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is vital for ensuring the optimum and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is absorbed from the sun's rays using PV panels to generate electricity or through solar heating systems to provide warmth. It is a green, eco-friendly, and eco-conscious source of power that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in home, corporate, and factory settings to create clean, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, providing sustainable energy solutions where conventional power grids are unavailable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of solar-powered items features a range of devices that capture sunlight to generate energy, promoting eco-friendly and renewable living. These items include ranging from solar energy units and lights to appliances and outdoor gear, delivering flexible alternatives for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A photovoltaic power station is a installation that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a sustainable energy source that supports lowering reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV utilize lenses and reflectors to focus sunlight onto highly efficient solar cells, greatly boosting power output using a smaller area. This approach works well where bright, direct sunlight and provides a promising approach to cut expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
